Management Information System Essay

Question 1 In the 21st century, cultivation engineering has emerged as the fundamental technology of trading. Explain how it has helped melodic phrase and state examples of signifi stopt time situation which you take for present approximately of experienced.Decision Support, hassle Analysis and Over on the whole surmountBusiness administerrs often need to key out decisions that rotter affect the ancestry fortunes one way or other. For example, a company with sales outlets or distributors spread everywhere a total geographic ara might want to optimize the logistical trading operations of de perishring merchandise to the outlets. The beaver solution might be affected by many factors much(prenominal) as demand patterns, availpower of merchandise, outdistances involved and the filling of using external carriers (who foot find two way gobs and might prove a lesser cost option over long distances) instead of own vehicles. While it might be assert commensurate to usance complex mathematical formulas by hand to compute the best solution, computers transform the whole process into a routine im strikeing class of ply verit able-bodied selective instruction as input and obtaining suggestions for best solutions as output.The task brook typic onlyy be done in a some minutes (instead of hours or rase days) and it mystifys possible to examine several alternatives sooner deciding upon one that seems most realistic. Identifying bothers and analysing the factors that ca usage them excessively has been transformed by modern computer learning organizations. In a typical MIS environment, normal reports atomic number 18 generated in a routine manner comparing factual performance against original estimates. The software that generates the report abide be instructed to set off exceptions, i.e. signifi stooget variations between original estimates and actual performance. Managers result thus locomote aware of problem areas in the daily course of their work only if by looking at the reports they arrest, without having to do detailed data assemblage and computations themselves. Identifying the factors responsible for the problem can also be routinized to some uttermost by using such tools as variance epitome.Variance analysis is an element of standard costing agreement that splits deviations from estimates (or standards) into causative factors such as increase in price of tangibles employ, excessive usage of materials, unexpected cable car downtimes, etc. With such a detailed report, managers can delve deeper into the problem factor, such as why there was excessive usage of materials. Control is also exercised by means of variance analysis. Budgets are prepared for all business operations by concerned managers working in a merged fashion. For example, estimated sales volumes will rule the trains of production production levels will determine raw material purchases and so on. With good selective selec tive instruction system circumspection, it consequently becomes possible to generate timely reports comparing actual sales, production, raw material deliveries, etc against estimated levels.The reports will help managers to keep a watch on things and affiance corrective action quickly. For example, the production manager will become aware of falling sales (or rising sales) of particular proposition products and can prepare to organise adjustments in production schedules, and purchasing and inventory managers will become quickly aware of any mounting inventories of un workoutd materials. MIS thus enhances the reference of intercourse all approximately and can significantly improve the effectiveness of operations control.Effective MIS Involves Humans and Computers Working together The major aspect to lower is that MIS provides only the information it is the responsibility of concerned managers to act on the information. It is the synergism between efficient, accurate and s peedy equipment and humans with common sense, intelligence and imagination that really gives power to MIS. As a chartered accountant with business management qualifications and decades of exposure to business in senior to top level positions, Gopinathan helps small to medium businesses with sore business start-up, business performance progression and marketing. He consumptions integrated business modelling techniques to help with all these, and has launched a business support website to provide the help in a at rest manner irrespective of geographical distances and boundaries.Significance learning technology has bountiful to permeate the business world, affecting how companies make and market their products, as strong as how citizenry communicate and accomplish their jobs in modern judicatures. specialise software shapes best-practices and industry standards, continually changing the face of business in almost every way. cultivation technology management includes many of the base functions of management, such as staffing, organizing, budgeting and control, but it also has functions that are fantastic to IT, such as software development, change management, network planning and tech support. Generally, IT is characterd by organizations to support and compliment their business operations. The advantages brought active by having a dedicated IT department are too great for most organizations to get up. Some organizations actually habituate IT as the centre of their business.Positive impact on BusinessFirst off, I.T. affects how businesses go nigh with their usual routine. For good example the technology renounces companies to go paperless, depending only on digital databases to store alpha data. Many pundits see this as a risk isnt digital data flimsy and unreliable, they ask. tho the shift offers several benefits as slowlyincluding reduction in operational cost, since the business no longer has to secure or rent space or equipment just to store data. discipline Technology also affects the accuracy of business operations. When a company uses a computerized accounting system instead of relying on a real live accountant, they eliminate (or, at the very least, significantly reduce) human error. And because such systems suspend for faster operations, the companys workers can concentrate on to a greater extent than than pressing tasks.The impact of the Management teaching frameThe impact of MIS on the functions is in its management. With a good MIS support, the management of marketing, finance, production and personnel becomes more efficient, the brooding and monitoring the functional targets becomes easy. The functional managers are informed about the progress, achievements and shortfalls in the activity and the targets. The manager is kept alert by providing certain(prenominal) information indicating the probable trends in the various aspects of business. This helps in forecasting and long perspective plannin g. The manager attention is brought to a situation which is exceptional in nature, inducing him to take an action or a decision in the matter. A disciplined information reporting system creates a structured database and a k instantlyledge base for all the people in the organization. The information is available in such a form that it can be utilise straight away or by blending and analysis, legal transfer the managers valuable time.The MIS creates a nonher impact in the organization which relates to the grounds of the business itself. The MIS begins with the translation of a data entity and its attributes. It uses a vocabulary of data, entity and attributes, respectively, designed for information generation in the organization. Since all the information systems use the dictionary, there is common understanding of terms and terminology in the organization take clarity in the communication and a similar understanding of an event in the organization. The MIS calls for a systemiza tion of the business operations for an effective system design. This leads to streamlining of the operations which complicate the system design.It improves the administration of the business by bringing a discipline in its operations everybody is required to follow and use systems and procedures. This process brings a high degree of professionalism in the business operations. Since the goals and objective lens of the MIS are the products of business goals and objectives, it helps indirectly to pull the good organization in one direction towards the corporate goals and objectives by providing the relevant information to the people in the organization. A well designed system with a management on the manager makes an impact on the managerial efficiency. The fund of information motivates an enlightened manager to use a shape of tools of the management. It helps him to resort to such exercises as experimentation and modelling. The use of computers enables him to use the tools and tec hniques which are impossible to use manually. The ready-made packages make this task simpler. The impact is on the managerial ability to perform. It improves the decision making ability considerably. dialogues TechnologyLeveraging advances in communications technology is imperative to surviving in the modern business world. Advances in cellular phone technology affirm revolutionized the way business people communicate with clients, employees, suppliers and strategic partners. The Internet has revolutionized the marketing function in summing up to opening up a wide double of communication options. red-brick undimmedphones are changing the game yet again with the introduction of new and innovative applications. A small business owner can now access a web-based customer relationship management service on a smartphone from anywhere in the world, for example, allowing him to obtain vital data about contacts before making calls.AccessibilityBy making communication more convenient, c ommunication technology has helped to make communication more accessible, especially long distance communication. Through various computer-mediated communication methodscommunication done through the use of a computer, such as email, instant messages, and social networking websitesyou can easily and instantly communicate with people in other cities, states and countries. This is vastly dissimilar from early forms of long-distance communication. Early forms of long-distance communication included the use of homing pigeons and/or runners to carry a message to its destination. How long a message would take before r all(prenominal)ing its destination depended on the distance between the person sending the message and the person receiving the message.Mass CommunicationOrganizations, like schools and businesses, use electronic communication to share information with a large number of people. Businesses can send mass emails to employees in localize to inform workers about things like ru le changes and important meetings. Many donnish institutions use mass communication in order to keep on a well-informed campus. In case of an emergency, such as a ventilation fire or presence of an armed assailant, mass communication can quickly inform people of the situation, giving enough notice to allow people to take the necessary actions to stay safe. Computer-mediated communication can be socially beneficial.For people who are socially rough, computer-mediated communication such as online forums and chat rooms can help create a more fulfilling social life. For example, someone who fails at personal relationships because he speaks before mentation about the consequences has more control with Internet communication. He can read back his statements before posting, which will likely reduce the number of awkward moments the person creates. Communication technology offers other benefits, as well. Dating websites, for instance, can relieve some of the frustration involved with dating by allowing you to view the profiles of potential dates so you can determine who is the best match for you. This can save you both time and heartbreak.ConsiderationsWhile information technology solutions can contribute to the success of your organization, there are a number of unique costs to consider. In addition to the cost of implementing an IT solution, you must employ extremely educated and specialized workers to maintain, monitor, expand and repair your IT infrastructure.Question 4 The purpose of hospital has changed from checkup assistance to health make do. What are the important information systems required to be considered while implementing front-end application development for hospital management?HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS)A hospital information system (HIS) is essentially a computer system that can manage all the information to allow health billing providers to do their jobs effectively. These systems have been around since they were first introduced in the 1960s and have evolved with time and the modernization of health care facilities. The computers were not as fast in those days and they were not able to provide information in real time as they do at present. The staff utilise them primarily for managing billing and hospital inventory. All this has changed now, and today hospital information systems include the integration of all clinical, financial and administrative applications.Modern HIS includes many applications addressing the needs of various departments in a hospital. They manage the data related to the clinic, finance department, laboratory, nursing, pharmacy and also the radiology and pathology departments. The hospitals that have switched to HIS have access to quick and reliable information including long-sufferings records illustrating details about their demographics, gender, age etc. By a simple click of the cower they suck important data pertaining to hospital finance systems, diet of perseverings, and even the distribution of medications. With this information they can monitor drug usage in the facility and improve its effectiveness. Many hospitals have as many as 200 disparate systems combined into their HIS.Hospital information systems have become very advanced and new innovations are doggingly being introduced. But a HIS is useless if it confuses the hospital employees. The system must be drug user friendly and should include training by the vendors. A good HIS offers numerous benefits to a hospital including but not limited to the delivery of quality enduring care and better financial management. The HIS should also be patient centric, medical staff centric, affordable and scalable. The technology changes quickly and if the system is not flexible it will not be able to accommodate hospital growth.COMPONENTSIt can be composed of one or a a few(prenominal) software components with specialty-particular proposition extensions as well as of a large variety of sub-systems in me dical specialties* research lab cultivation System (LIS)* radioscopy Information System (RIS)* Clinical Information System (CIS)* Nursing Information Systems (NIS)* pharmaceutics Information System (PIS)SOFTWARE COMPONENTSoftware Component is a system element offering a predefined service or event, and able to communicate with other components. It should be * Multiple-use* Non-context-specific* Compostable with other components (inter relationship with other components)* Encapsulated i.e., non-investigable through its interfaces* A unit of independent deployment and versioningLaboratory Information System (LIS)Laboratory Information System (LIS) is a software based laboratory and information management system that offers a set of key features that support a modern laboratorys operations. Those key features include but are not limited to workflow and data tracking support, flexible architecture, and smart data exchange interfaces, which fully support its use in regulate environmen ts. The features and uses of a LIMS have evolved over the years from simple sample tracking to an enterprise resource planning tool that manages multiple aspects of laboratory informatics. ascribable to the rapid pace at which laboratories and their data management needs shift, the definition of LIMS has become somewhat controversial. As the needs of the modern laboratory part widely from lab to lab, what is needed from a laboratory information management system also shifts. The end result the definition of a LIMS will shift based on who you ask and what their vision of the modern lab.Radiology Information System (RIS)A radiology information system (RIS) is a networked software suite for managing medical imagery and associated data. An RIS is especially useful for managing radiological records and associated data in a multiple locations and is often used in conjunction with a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) to manage work flow and billing. An RIS has several basi c functionsPatient management* An RIS can track a patients entire workflow within the radiology department images and reports can be added to and retrieved from electronic medical records (EMRs) and viewed by sure radiology staff.Scheduling* Appointments can be made for both in- and out-patients with specific radiology staff.Patient tracking* A patients entire radiology memorial can be tracked from admission to discharge. The history can be coordinated with past, present and future appointments.Results reporting* An RIS can generate statistical reports for a single patient, group of patients or particular procedure.Film tracking* An RIS can track individual films and their associate data. accusation* An RIS facilitates detailed financial record-keeping, electronic payments and automated claims submission.Clinical Information System (CIS)Clinical Information System is a collection of various information technology applications that provides a centralized repository of information r elated to patient care across distributed locations. This repository represents the patients history of illnesses and moveions with providers by encoding knowledge capable of helping clinicians decide about the patients condition, treatment options, and wellness activities. The repository also encodes the status of decisions, actions underway for those decisions, and relevant information that can help in performing those actions. The database could also hold other information about the patient, including genetic, environmental, and social contexts.Features * access the medical literature * ask clinical or administrative questions of aggregates of patient data, * receive automatic warnings or suggestions when the patients data satisfy certain logical rules * receive critiques when proposing therapies or ordinance diagnostic tests, * access guidelines for standards of care* analyse trade-offs and the likelihood of alternative outcomes (decision analysis) * receive lists of contras tiveial diagnosesNursing Information System (NIS)Nursing information systems is a type of health care management system. It helps nurses use their nursing skills and computer knowledge within a health care environment. A nursing information system has different features and benefits.FeaturesNurses can self-schedule work hours based on their work shift and departmental needs. Staff nurse managers or nursing administrators can reassessment each nurses schedule and make approvals. Another nursing information system feature includes documenting patient care plans.BenefitsOne nursing information system benefit includes saving time. For instance, nursing managers can confirm a nurses work availability without contacting each nurse. Nurses can review a patients treatment plan when working after-school(prenominal) the office, such as a home care nurse.Pharmacy Information System (PIS)Pharmacy information systems (PIS) are complex computer systems that have been designed to meet the needs o f a pharmacy department. Through the use of such systems, pharmacists can supervise and have inputs on how medication is used in a hospital. Some of the activities which Pharmacy Information Systems have been sedulous in pharmacy departments includeClinical ScreeningThe Pharmacy Information System can assist in patient care by the monitoring of drug interactions, drug allergies and other possible medication-related complications. When a ethical drug order is entered, the system can check to see if there are any interactions between two or more drugs interpreted by the patient simultaneously or with any typical food, any cognise allergies to the drug, and if the appropriate dosage has been given based on the patients age, weight and other physiologic factors. Alerts and flags come up when the system picks up any of these.Prescription ManagementThe Pharmacy Information System can also be used to manage prescription for inpatients and/or outpatients. When prescription orders are re ceived, the orders are matched to available pharmaceutical products and then dispensed consequently depending on whether the patient is an inpatient or outpatient. It is possible to track all prescriptions passed through the system from who prescribed the drug, when it was prescribed to when it was dispensed. It is also possible to print out prescription labels and instructions on how medication should be taken based on the prescription.Inventory ManagementPharmacies require a continuous inventory culture in order to ensure that drugs do not go out of stock. This is made even more difficult when there are multiple dispensing points. When don manually it is very difficult to maintain an accurate inventory. Pharmacy Information Systems aid inventory management by maintaining an internal inventory of all pharmaceutical products, providing alerts when the quantity of an item is downstairs a set quantity and providing an electronic ordering system that recommends the ordering of the af fected item and with the appropriate quantity from approved suppliers.Patient medicate ProfilesThese are patient profiles managed by the Pharmacy Information System and mark off details of their current and past medications, known allergies and physiological parameters. These profiles are used for used for clinical screening anytime a prescription is ordered for the patient. promulgate GenerationMost Pharmacy Information Systems can generate reports which range from determining medication usage patterns in the hospital to the cost of drugs purchased and /or dispensed.Interactivity with other systemsIt is important that Pharmacy Information Systems should be able to interact with other available systems such as the clinical information systems to receive prescription orders and financial information system for billing and charging.