Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan avocation Jammed Areas Construction EssayAn efficient glamour network is the backbone of a healthy economy. As SriLankans most of our productivity is lost due to the inefficient and clog up channel network. One of the late(a) additions for affair management and to botheviate congestion in capital of Sri Lanka urban center and its suburbs has been the introduction of overpasss at important convergings of the principal(prenominal) passageway corridors. The main(prenominal) die of a overpass is the separation of conflicting avocation movements in that locationby minimizing conflicts by development the vertical space. Therefore, it is assumed to ca white plague less impact to the b rambleing properties and the animate infra bodily structure. However, this depends on the type of overpass and the commerce pattern at the junction.2. The efficiency of the recently introduced fly-bys in the suburbs of the urban center of capital of Sri Lanka mountain be tested by comparison before and by and by conditions of important traffic engineering parameters. It is overly important to analyze the congestion level at the intersection and its signifi basince comp atomic good turn 18d to the entire bridle-path ashes. Basic every hold up(predicate) in ally the speed and the dodge mental object green goddess be compargond as main considerations to test this at a particular location. Moreover, the benefits and cost of a flyover against unseasoned(prenominal) bonnie and alternatives to obtain a similar result should be restrainn in to consideration and evaluated. In this search has attempted to comp are the scotch benefits of introducing flyovers against other short term and long term alternatives. The attainable solutions acquirable both(prenominal) from traffic and embark aspects are in like manner widely discussed in my research.3. The for the first cadence of the series of giant scale flyovers i ntroduced to Sri Lanka recently are located crossways main railway line caudexs in and around capital of Sri Lanka. The first of these was a cover beartilever type flyover in Ragama. This was constructed in 1996 in order to avoid the control cause by the railway gate closures at the main line. A second flyover was completed along the baseline pass sweep.Dematagoda which was also across the main railway line in family 2000 to prevent the stagnation of fomites on the Base line road. This was a 6 lane viaduct (culvert) type concrete structure. The 3rd flyover, which is a steel structure, was constructed in 2008 at Kelaniya within a record stream of just 66 long while this was also to avoid the delay from the main railway line across the colombo-Kandy Road. The main purpose for the kink of all these flyovers was to shrink delays ca utilise to vehicle traffic due to the closures of rail gates and reduction of accidents.4. The latest flyover was constructed at Nugegoda junc tion in 2009. This is the first flyover at a road intersection, constructed in order to deoxidize intersection delays in Nugegoda. This likewise is a steel structure.5. From the above details we could basically divide flyovers in SriLanka in to two main categories,a. Those across railway lines (railway overpasses) andb. those across road intersections resulting in spirit level separations.6. The comparisons of key performance factors such as speed, safety, and economic cost with or with unwrap the flyover asshole be analyzed for both categories. too, the economic viability of each category could be tested by comparing the cost and the benefits of the design spirit of each flyover. Selection of the type of flyover and its design are also of interest. In this respect, the comparison surrounded by cost, life time, possibility of land use, space utilization as well as the visual and function impacts on the area would be considered as be relevant decision making parameters for the selection of the type of flyover.CHAPTER TWOmethodological depth psychologyAIMThe aim of this research is to identify and analyze the issues related the manifestation of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas in colombo district, How to better finds the achievements and drawbacks beingness available in the flyovers.STATEMENT OF PROBLEM2. The growth of population, economy and as a result of the prevailing economic policy, the number of motor entrance is change magnitude daily save the road network has non true in such a manner to cater for the increasing unavoidableness creating a expectant impact on the growth of our economy. Similarly the inefficiency of macrocosm passenger transferee combines together with this, as it is the humour of travel used by the general commonplace for day to day activities.3. Moreover Improvements to normal dose can reduce traffic congestion by attracting automobile and other motorized users to bus and train ecstasy hence can contribu te to the economy in long term by reduce fuel consumption, efficient use of road and vehicle fleet, reduced accidents, and so on Increasing of private motorized vehicles by widening and improving much than(prenominal) subject matter to it will create further problems to the traffic environment in future. Hence, the concern of more(prenominal) tax and quota remains to reduce vehicle self-possession will help to reduce the vehicle growth rate. But at the same time government should improve public transportation to satisfactorily for the doohickey of all users.4. On the other hand truly pricy infrastructure will negatively impact to the economy of a verdant as they lose the power for expenditure to other important take at the same time hence the inflation rate would be unbearable if they are already expect economic crisis. Therefore, injection of local funding to huge infrastructure which will produce marginal benefits is a waste for a nation. However, the flyovers also can be constructed development built concrete structures too at tear down cost than steel structure presented at placed in capital of Sri Lanka these days.THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS5. It is hypothesized that reflexion of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas as this is the best indemnify for the issue, in this context there is no such requirement for add more kilometers to our road network.SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH6. This research paper examines the lapses in the road network, one of the most recent traffic management methods, Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion and public passenger transportation at present, on its maintenance and existence, and how it affects the economy of our ground and the ways available to over grow the problem in force(p)ly.METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION7. The data for the research is still both from chief(a) and secondary sources. first-string dataThe Primary data has been collected from 40 samples in colombo district.Secondary d ataThe data unavoidable for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA specialize personals and the cyberspace utilized.LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH8. My Limitation isPrimary data was collected mainly from questionnaires, it is assumed in the information is 100% correct.Forty consumer of flyover were selected for the study. This also is a limitation in the generalization of the result.GLOBAL EXPERIENCES WITH FLYOVERS1. Flyovers have been assumed to be an ultimate solution for traffic congestion in the congested cities of maturation countries. Large number of flyovers has been constructed in our field in last few classs. However, the actual performance of such flyovers is debatable when considering the general impact to other transport functions such as prosy facilities, visual aesthetics and business ontogenys in the locality. There is a strong public perception that flyovers have solved or will solve traffic problems in metropolitan areas . Therefore, there is no apparent resistance from the public, media, politicians and administrators when flyovers are constructed. The scarcely resistance comes from the few that are adversely affected, for example, owners/tenants of business establishments, residents and well-mannered institutions. In response they are often criticized for non being socially conscientious and for being anti-developmentsince they usually can non justify their own reasons from a professed(prenominal) point of view and there is no support for them even if hundreds of thousands may even suffer from the adverse effects of such developments. The position that the interests and convenience of society at large over the inconvenience or losings to a few are often ignored in umpteen countries. There appears to be no counter to such cables since there is and then some logic and truth to it.2. It has in fact been shown that the convenience of a flyover mainly occurs only during the non- poll hours of t raffic pass. For example, during non-peak hours well-designed at-grade intersections like those in all present flyovers are doing fine as it is only in peak hours that flyovers have a s fainthearted advantage. The convenience is also felt only in 2 directions of traffic flow go forth of a possible 12 directions at an intersection. These misconceptions have had a great influence on the publics mind that flyovers indeed solveall traffic problems at intersections. alone in-depth analysis and engineering computations can counter this influence.For example, our country and in developing countries are examining possibilities of introducing campana outlines to recover the huge cost of these flyovers. However there are difficulties in implementing such methods due to the lack of space for toll booths and also the difficulty of imposing this to the users who only have marginal benefits from a single facility within the overall road infrastructure.3. The experience of our country and in developing countries is that flyovers have not leadn the anticipated benefits for developing cities. Moreover this has been considered as a threat to the urban architecture as well as the accessibility within the city. Common complaints regarding flyovers are the omission of public transport, transit facilities, and pedestrian facilities.STUDY AREA4. In the colombo suburban area there are quaternion flyovers of recent origin. The third (04) railway flyovers namely at Dematagoda, Ragama, Dehiwala and the recently constructed at Pattiya Junction in Kiribathgoda are included in this study omen 01. The Nugegoda flyover is at a road intersection. This too is included to be discussed separately.The data postulate for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personnel and the Internet utilized.ANALYSIS6. The analysis is carried break beneath two categories namely flyover performance at road intersection and flyover across the railwa y lines.FLYOVERS AT ROAD INTERSECTION7. The travel time data of all the turnings including the through traffic on the flyover at Nugegoda intersection were used to calculate the average (daily average) speed and delay at each get on of road links (Figure 02).Figure 02 Travel Time Survey at Nugegoda Intersection with Flyover8. The average two way traffic flow speed on each 100 meters segment of all four road approaches (up to 2km) of the Nugegoda flyover. The average speed of road links other than on the flyover includes the charge delay too.9. It was observed from the above analysis that flyovers at railway crossings give higher benefits when compared to that of road intersections. The comparison of basic determine indicates that concrete flyovers are better than that of steel structures. This is evident when the life time and the maintenance of the two types of flyovers are compared. Even though the economic analysis was make for 20 years, the concrete structures can last for m ore than 50 years without more repairs on it. Therefore the benefits of concrete structures are more more than those indicated in this analysis.10. The flyover at Nugegoda intersection designed for 20 years. concord to the travel time survey data, this flyover indicates the lowest savings. It also has the highest per lane km cost. However, the signalization with onward motions to approach links of the intersection as an alternative to the flyover indicates very well.11. It was observed that the flyover or signalization alone does not solve the traffic congestion at an intersection but that it also fates cogency improvements of approach links for an improvement at that intersection. It can be observed that most of the intersection approaches are often blocked by parked vehicles and other activities such as uncontrolled pedestrian movements and temporary businesses on the walkways. Therefore it is often seen that the existent road infrastructures in urban areas are not properly utilized. The potentiality of road links and the intersection can be improved by enhanced traffic management strategies.NEW FLYOVERS PLANNED BUT wishing PROPER PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS12. It has come into the notice of the Srilanka that in order to improve the transport system the Srilanka government has planned plenty of routines. Integrated multimodal transport system, will play a prominent part in fling an effective public transport service and hopefully will reduce private vehicles.13. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roadstead and more effective mass transportation. Though, there is no emphasis on the common man- the pedestrian- and his requirement for safe problem apologise movement space.14. There is no doubt in my mind that with smashed increase in the numbers of cars and footpaths, pedestrian space in the colombo city has become increasingly marginalized. In other word, the footpath was meant to be a place for the common man to walk upon and did not choke to the owner of plots adjoining the access road.15. Theoretically speaking, roads have been widened in Srilanka and flyovers have been built in all the major cities of the country without oblation safe and convenient facilities for pedestrian to cross over. The requirement for adequate pedestrian space is an absolute must particularly in places where large number of people gets together such as in neighborhood markets and obtain centers specially Dehiwala.16. Unfortunately, here also, the focus seems to be on providing for the movement of vehicles and the lay of cars. Shoppers dodge their way around moving cars, three-wheelers, motorcycles and accidents are frequent and common. disdain this traders have continued to resist the pedestrianisation of shopping passages fearing loss of business.TRANSPORTABLE ROADWORK duty SIGNAL SYSTEMTRAFFIC-RELATEDLow-cost traffic signal system for unidirectional alternating traffic.Easy to control, clearly organized at a glance. habitu al in use with power cable, Telephone cable and others.All signal heads uniformity and simple.MODES OF OPERATION impulsive fixed time modeAutomatic green time extensionAutomatic green on necessaryAll-red in cable and radio modeManual operation from each signal head possible in cable and radio modeFLYOVER CONSTRUCTION17. Recent traffic counts have shown that there are in excess of 30,000 vehicles using the roundabout daily at colombo area. The straight-through movement between the east and west sides off the South vibrancy Road was the highest preserve traffic movement at the roundabout and represents slightly 40% of the total traffic using the roundabout. There was an urgent need for grade separation.18. Effective traffic management throughout the duration of the as original was vital as the same volume of vehicles used the roundabout during mental synthesis as they did before construction. From public opinion, traffic management was put in place effectively and major delays were rare.CHAPTER FOURIDENTIFY MAJOR ISSUES AND DIFFICULTIES intoxicate EXISTING ROAD NETWORK AND IDENTIFY EFFECTSSUPPLY AND beseechWIDENING WORKS UNDERWAY ON THE WAY TO INCREASE THE subjugate OF LANES.1. Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road mental object (supply), or by reducing traffic ( have). electrical condenser can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of hidden demands otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to generate demand that did not exist before. Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice as well as increasing travel costs and times.INCREASED SUPPLY CAN take onAdding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of parking/harden type shoulders or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels)Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes)Creating new routesTraffic management improvementsREDUCTION OF DEMAND CAN INCLUDEfomite parking or non parking restrictions. vehicle park or no parking (Ride) facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by private and commercial transport or selected lane.Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other ways and modes.Road entrance fees (Southern highway) charging currency for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users.Road reserve area, where regulative restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas.Rule/Policy approaches, which usually attempt to earmark either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions.TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT2. Global positioning system (GPS) devices are used to determine global locations points, which are measured and recor ded as Longitude (E), Latitude (S), and Elevation/Altitude (meters above sea level). leastways before commencement of a GPS survey must be required checklist.Traffic monitoring, via radio, GPS or possibly mobile type phones, to advise road users.Fluctuate type message installed along the roadway, to advise road users. soaring or clear identifying system possibly linked up to impulsive traffic reporting.Traffic monitoring / analyzing permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts.Road traffic monitoring/ compend, to provide information on highway.Computerized highway system, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as practically as 100% while increasing travel speeds.Parking area and guidance with information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking. energetic vehicle controlling (Critical place) system hard area (Parking, bus halt) as an duplicate t raffic lane, it uses CCTV and monitor the traffics use of the extra lane.OTHER ASSOCIATED3. Other associated are, give lessons time (Start/End) arranged to avoid busy time traffic.Driving behaviour promotion and enforcement moreover driving practices, frequent lane such as security or school hrs etc changes can reduce a roads capacity and exacerbate jams.Visual/Sound barriers such as cornet CGR gate bell ringing etc to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity.Condition of speed reductions, showing speed limit, humps etc with lower speeds allowing cars to drive walking(prenominal) together, this increases the capacity of a road.4. Moreover where space-efficient vehicles, usually motor bike, three-wheels and cars ride or drive in the allocated space between cars, buses, and trucks specially peek hrs. This is hitherto illegal in more countries as it is perceived as a safety risk.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DURING THE FLYOVERAcceptable and accepted only rail borne modes can in practice get people out of cars.Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards.ComfortableRe-assuring tram lines (New proposal year 2009 but not succeeded) give confidence that service operates.Safe m any times safer than vehicle travel.Speedy short journey times can be achieve.Compatible with pedestrians in pedestrianised areas.Clean and green enhances the environment no emissions at street level.Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and precession.5. roads including highways with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with few interruptions, and at higher overall speeds this is why speed limits are typically higher for grade-separated roads. In addition, less conflict between traffic movements reduces the capacity for accidents. Motorways, though having higher average speeds, usually have much lower accident rates per distance traveled than roads which are not grade separated.6. However, grade-separated junction s are very space-intensive, complicated, and costly, due to the need for large strong-arm structures such as tunnels, ramps, and bridge over. Their height can be obtrusive, and this, combined with the large traffic volumes that grade-separated roads attract, tends to make them unpopular to nearby landowners and residents. New grade-separated road plans can receive meaningful opposition from local throngs for these reasons.7. Rail-over-rail grade separations take up less space than road grade separations, because shoulders are not needed, there are generally fewer branches and side road connections to charge (because a partial grade separation will accomplish more improvement than for a road), and because at-grade railway connections often take up portentous space on their own. However, they require significant engineering ride, and are very expensive and time-consuming to construct.8. Rail-over-road grade separations require very little surplus space because no connections ne ed be built, but require significant engineering effort and are expensive and time-consuming to construct above.9. many an(prenominal) closures from 1990 to 2010 happened, and many people thought that it was the beginning of the Colombo, Galle, Kandy vehicles, but the situation changed after 1990. Large number of automobiles started creating pollution and smog. High rising of throttle diesel motor in international market also thought people that petrol running automobile is far worse than electricity driven street rail.ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE10. Under this topic road infrastructure can be improve under this conditions,Grade or type separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements.congested motorway-type roadway.Reducing junctions(1) Providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones (Except highway access)(2) A grade access road, roads that limit the type and amounts of way along their lengths. reversible TYPE LANES11. Considering the day today, certain sections of highway operate in the frigid direction on different times of the day or days of the week.SEPARATE LANES12. Separate lanes for specific user groups,Public bus ways,Pedestrians (High occupancy vehicle lane)urban PLANNING AND DESIGN13. Urban planning and city planning (UDA/NHDA planning) practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short change.Grid type plan (Interconnect system) including road network geometry, rather than tree-like system which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and caution walking by reducing connectivity.Zoning laws that encourage development under mixed type, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, and recreational destinations (and encourage cycling and walking)The development is residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport.THOUGHTS ON URBAN P LANNING AND DESIGN14. A well-developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world to develop and it remains so for our country also. The country has developed up to a certain intent throughout the time but the transportation has not, to cater for the increasing demand. On our journey for development this has to be the primary area to be considered. It is not only a accountability of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people. The government also has the responsibility to put a received effort for this other than expiry only for political achievements and thereby should give priority for the development of this area.15. When I made the interview RDA and UDA expertise they are said that we have done researches and given most economical and the viable methods to develop this area but we dont know how it is going to be done due to non availability of funds and facilities16. The above economic analysis is carried out considering only the volume of transport savings based on a travel time survey at each flyover location. A comprehensive study could have been carried out to test the situation more accurately if the various(prenominal) data sources had been available.17. However, this is a good strategy for eliminating the delay at railway crossings as a long term consideration. Also the concrete flyovers across railways are more economical than the steel bridges constructed in a very short period.CHAPTER FIVEANALYSIS1. My Analysis was done in the area of Nugegoda, one of the closest towns to the Colombo city. Questionnaire was prompt and distributed among all age groups. The sample size is 40 personnel and all responded with their identity.Figure 012. My 2nd observation was made to find out how many people (from 40 personnel sample) are using flyovers and how often they use it. According to Figure 02 it has been observed that more than 65% persons are using flyovers daily and they feel the difference between the pr evious and the current situation of the time saving.Figure 023. My 3rd observation was made to find out who are the absolute majority using this flyovers. It has been observed that there is more than 60% personnel are the users of public transports. Following details in Figure 03 were taken according to the observations made.Figure 034. My next observation shows in attribute 04 and Figure 5, Average serving time per a journey Vs person. According to chart it says that the actual time period is very less comparing before situation. According to research 90% time saved. As a result air pollution, Diesel/petrol consumption, Police man power, Vehicle wastage etc minimize proportionally.Figure 04Figure 5Finally, during the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority give tongue to that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue.CHAPTER sixerCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO OVERCOME THE CRISIS1. In order to minimize the cit y traffic congestion, the government activity have only handful of options. The highly effective solutions practice in other countries as follows..a. irresponsible traffic using methodical light system,b. Directing traffic through one direction of the full carriageway.c. Controlling traffic with the aid of authorized personnel (police men) d. Construction of flyovers.In Sri Lanka the respective authorities has constructed six flyovers at highly congested areas in Colombo suburbs. These locations were selected according the statistical surveys carried out by the experts in this field. However, it is inevitable that this effort has not succeeded in few locations as anticipated. Hence, during this research, I developed an argument to justify that the construction of flyovers are the best remedy for this issue by obtaining the opinion from the general public as my target group. This is the target group for early surveys carried out by the RDA in conjunction with University of Moratuwa to justify the construction of flyovers in Colombo suburbs as well.2. A well developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not sufficient to cater for the increasing demand of Road network. The construction of many flyovers in our most needed area, responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people especially all drivers and pedestrians. The also should give their fullest support to the current rules and regulations.3. During the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue.4. After carrying out a survey and analyzing the data, the following are the details of identified benefits and summarized as follows.Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and prioritySpeedy shortens journey timesSmooth no violent m ovements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwardsComfortableCompatible with pedestrians in giving pedestrianised areasReduces the capacity for accidents5. Moreover in this survey and analyzing the data, the few limitation and barriers identified as followsComplicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures and for maintenanceTheir height can be obtrusive.c. Require a significant engineering and time-consuming to construct.6. It has come into the notice of the urban planers that in order to improve the transport system a multi modal approach should be made. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Priority should be given to the commuter and his requirement for a safe problem free movement space.7. Finally, according to collected primary/secondary data. Following actions can be taken to minimizing traffic jammed. Without any delay some facts are presently available and not to standard. proscription o f All On-Street Parking for Vehicles in City LimitsTraffic subscribe LightsIntroduction of Substitute Roads to Main RoadsWidening of roadsRestriction of Slow Moving Traffic and Heavy Vehicles During Rush HoursSeparating Pedestrians from Active Traffic FlowProper maintenance of roads- specially culvert and rainy period road situation required quickly repairing systemCreating driving cogitation presently available new driving licence card entering systemImplementation of New Highways Connecting Main Cities of The CountryElectronic Traffic Monitoring Systems for Main Cities specially actual road jammed persons rules profaned persons capturing partDiscouraging Individual Vehicles Entering Cities (Peak hours container, tractor etc)Bus Stands (Required up nullify and move to main road)Construction Work (Required combined worked force (RDA/UDA/CEB/NWSDB)8. During the last decades the country has developed immensely therefore the alternative methods to control traffic congestion are hi ghly essential because of the increasing of the vehicles. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going onl